Survey Reviews
Master property surveys to verify boundaries, identify encroachments, and protect your investment from costly boundary disputes
The $75,000 Survey Disaster:
Developer Marcus Chen found the “perfect” 10-acre parcel for his 12-unit townhouse project. The seller provided a 20-year-old survey showing clean boundaries and ample space. Marcus, eager to close, skipped the new survey to save $3,500. Three months into construction, a neighbor sued. The new court-ordered ALTA survey revealed devastating news: the decorative fence Marcus relied on was 15 feet inside the actual boundaryβhe’d lost half an acre. A 30-foot utility easement cut through his planned buildings. An abandoned road still carried legal access rights for three neighbors. The “seasonal creek” was a protected wetland requiring 50-foot setbacks. Construction halted. Redesign cost $25,000. Legal fees hit $18,000. Lost time and carrying costs added $32,000. But here’s the killer: proper survey review would have revealed everything before purchase, allowing negotiation or walking away. That $3,500 “savings” cost $75,000 and nearly bankrupted the project.
1. Understanding Property Surveys and Their Critical Importance
Property surveys are the definitive legal documents that establish exactly what you’re buying, where the boundaries are, and what restrictions exist on the property.
π Survey Types and When You Need Them
π Boundary Survey
Purpose: Establishes property lines and corners
Shows: Boundaries, dimensions, total acreage
Cost: $400-$800 for residential lots
When Needed: Basic purchases, fence installation
Limitations: Doesn’t show easements or improvements
π’ ALTA/NSPS Survey
Purpose: Comprehensive survey for commercial transactions
Shows: Everything – boundaries, easements, improvements, encroachments
Cost: $2,000-$15,000+ depending on size/complexity
When Needed: Commercial purchases, development, lending
Benefits: Title insurance coordination, most detailed option
π Location Survey
Purpose: Shows improvements relative to boundaries
Shows: Buildings, fences, driveways on the property
Cost: $300-$600 for residential
When Needed: Mortgage requirements, basic verification
Limitations: Less detailed than ALTA survey
ποΈ Topographic Survey
Purpose: Shows elevation changes and land features
Shows: Contours, slopes, drainage, trees, utilities
Cost: $800-$3,000 for typical lots
When Needed: New construction, grading plans
Critical For: Drainage design, foundation planning
πΊοΈ Key Survey Components to Understand
Property Boundaries
Monuments: Physical markers at property corners
- Iron rods/pins – Most common markers
- Concrete monuments – Permanent markers
- Natural monuments – Trees, rocks (less reliable)
- GPS coordinates – Modern precise location
Boundary Lines: Connect the monuments
- Measured in feet and decimal feet (not inches)
- Include bearing/direction (N 45Β°30’15” E)
- Total distance of each line segment
- Curves shown with radius and arc length
Legal Description Match
Three Types:
- Metes & Bounds: Uses distances and directions from a starting point
- Lot & Block: References recorded subdivision plat
- Government Survey: Township/Range/Section system
β οΈ Survey MUST match deed legal description exactly!
2. How to Read and Interpret Survey Maps
Learning to read surveys is like learning a new language – once you understand the symbols and conventions, valuable information jumps off the page.
π Survey Reading Fundamentals
π§ Understanding Scale and Orientation
Scale: Usually shown as 1″ = X feet
- Residential: Often 1″ = 20′, 30′, or 40′
- Large parcels: Can be 1″ = 100′ or more
- Always verify scale before measuring
North Arrow: Critical for orientation
- True North vs Magnetic North notation
- Basis of Bearings statement
- Match with aerial photos for verification
π Decoding Measurements
Distance Format: 125.43′ means 125 feet, 5.16 inches
Bearing Format: N 32Β°15’42” E means:
- Start facing North
- Turn 32 degrees, 15 minutes, 42 seconds toward East
- This is your line direction
Area Calculations:
- 43,560 sq ft = 1 acre
- Watch for “calculated” vs “deeded” acreage
- Discrepancies over 5% need investigation
π Common Survey Symbols
3. Identifying Critical Issues and Red Flags
The most expensive problems in real estate often hide in survey details. Here’s what can cost you tens of thousands if missed.
π¨ Major Red Flags in Surveys
β οΈ Boundary Discrepancies
Gap or Gore: Unclaimed land between properties
- Creates title issues
- Prevents title insurance
- Requires legal resolution
Overlap: Multiple owners claim same land
- Guarantees future disputes
- Expensive to resolve
- Can block development
Missing Monuments: “Monument not found” notations
- Boundary uncertainty
- Requires new survey work
- Potential disputes with neighbors
π§ Encroachment Issues
Structures Over Lines:
- Buildings crossing property lines
- Driveways on neighbor’s land
- Fences in wrong location
- Cost: $10,000-$100,000+ to resolve
Neighbor Encroachments:
- Sheds, pools, additions on your land
- Prescriptive rights risks
- Forced purchase/sale scenarios
π Easement Complications
Utility Easements:
- No permanent structures allowed
- Access rights for utility companies
- Width typically 10-30 feet
- Can’t build pools, additions
Access Easements:
- Others have right to cross property
- Maintenance obligations unclear
- Privacy and security impacts
- Affects property value 10-30%
Prescriptive Easements:
- Created by long-term use
- Not shown on older surveys
- Require legal action to remove
4. Professional Survey Analysis System
Use this comprehensive tool to analyze surveys, estimate costs, identify issues, and verify boundaries:
π Complete Survey Review & Analysis Tool
β οΈ Professional Disclaimer:
This tool provides general guidance for educational purposes. Always consult with licensed surveyors and real estate attorneys for specific properties. State laws vary significantly.
1οΈβ£ Survey Type Selector & Cost Estimator
2οΈβ£ Boundary Verification Calculator
Enter boundary measurements from survey to verify closure and calculate area:
Boundary Lines (enter clockwise from starting point):
3οΈβ£ Survey Red Flag Identifier
Check all items found on your survey:
π« Boundary Issues
ποΈ Encroachments
π Easements & Rights
β οΈ Other Concerns
4οΈβ£ Easement Impact Analyzer
Add Easements:
5οΈβ£ Survey Action Plan
Based on your analysis, generate a customized action plan:
5. Using Survey Findings to Negotiate Better Deals
Survey issues aren’t deal killers – they’re negotiation opportunities. Here’s how to turn problems into price reductions or seller concessions.
π° Survey-Based Negotiation Tactics
Encroachment Negotiations
Minor Encroachments (fence, landscaping):
- Request 1-2% price reduction
- Seller provides indemnification
- Seller obtains neighbor agreement
Major Encroachments (structures):
- Demand 5-10% price reduction
- Require encroachment agreement
- Seller pays for title insurance endorsement
- Consider lot line adjustment
Easement Issues
Utility Easements:
- Verify no planned improvements
- Negotiate price if limits use
- Get utility company letter
Access Easements:
- Quantify traffic impact
- 5-15% reduction typical
- Maintenance agreement required
- Consider easement relocation
Boundary Discrepancies
Less Acreage Than Advertised:
- Pro-rata price reduction minimum
- Often get additional 5-10% discount
- Recalculate price per square foot
Survey vs Deed Conflicts:
- Require seller to cure title
- Extended closing for resolution
- Escrow funds for potential costs
Old Survey Issues
Outdated Survey (5+ years):
- Seller pays for new survey
- Or credit $2,000-$5,000
- Right to terminate if issues found
No Recent Survey:
- Make offer contingent on survey
- Seller pays all survey costs
- Full inspection period after survey
π Comprehensive Survey Analysis Challenge
Analyze Complex Property Survey (40 minutes):
Apply your complete survey knowledge to evaluate a challenging mixed-use property with multiple issues:
ποΈ Property: Hillside Haven Development Opportunity
Basic Information:
Location: 4567 Ridge Road, Austin, TX
Listed Acreage: 5.5 acres per seller
Asking Price: $825,000 ($150,000/acre)
Intended Use: 3 homes + mother-in-law suite
Current Survey: 1998 boundary survey provided
Your New ALTA Survey Reveals:
- Actual Acreage: 5.12 acres (0.38 acres less)
- North Boundary: Neighbor’s pool house 4 feet over line
- East Boundary: Gap of 12 feet (unclaimed land)
- South Boundary: Fence inside property by 8 feet
- West Boundary: Matches deed description
Easements Discovered:
- Utility Easement: 20′ wide across prime building area
- Drainage Easement: 30′ wide through center
- Access Easement: Neighbor’s driveway use for 30 years
- Conservation Area: 0.75 acres restricted (trees)
Additional Concerns:
- Creek designation changed to “protected waterway”
- 50-foot setback from waterway required
- Two monuments missing on east boundary
- Old family cemetery (6 graves) in northeast corner
Complete Analysis Requirements:
1. Boundary Analysis (20 points)
- Calculate actual buildable area after all restrictions
- Determine impact of boundary discrepancies
- Identify which boundaries need immediate attention
- Assess risks of gap and encroachments
2. Easement Impact Assessment (20 points)
- Map how easements affect building plans
- Calculate percentage of unusable land
- Determine if 4-home plan is still feasible
- Identify potential easement modifications
3. Legal Issue Evaluation (20 points)
- Prioritize issues by risk and cost
- Determine prescriptive easement status
- Assess cemetery restrictions and laws
- Evaluate title insurance implications
4. Financial Impact Analysis (20 points)
- Recalculate value based on actual acreage
- Estimate costs to resolve each issue
- Determine impact on development potential
- Calculate total financial exposure
5. Negotiation Strategy (20 points)
- Develop specific price reduction requests
- List required seller remedies
- Create contingency proposals
- Determine walk-away triggers
Your Survey Analysis Report:
HILLSIDE HAVEN – COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ANALYSIS
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
- Property: 4567 Ridge Road, Austin, TX
- Listed: 5.5 acres at $825,000 ($150,000/acre)
- Actual: 5.12 acres per new ALTA survey
- Major Issues Found: ___ critical, ___ moderate, ___ minor
- Estimated Cost to Resolve: $_____
- Recommended Offer Adjustment: $_____
- BOUNDARY ANALYSIS:
- Acreage Discrepancy:
- – Advertised: 5.50 acres
- – Actual surveyed: 5.12 acres
- – Shortage: 0.38 acres (6.9% less)
- – Value impact: $_____ (at $150k/acre)
- North Boundary – Pool House Encroachment:
- – Structure: _____ sq ft over property line
- – Years in place: _____ (check for adverse possession)
- – Resolution options: ________________________________
- – Estimated cost/impact: $_____
- East Boundary – 12-foot Gap:
- – Creates title defect: Yes/No
- – Ownership uncertain for _____ sq ft
- – Quiet title action needed: Yes/No
- – Legal cost estimate: $_____
- South Boundary – Fence Issue:
- – Fence inside by 8 feet = _____ sq ft affected
- – Risk of adverse claim: High/Medium/Low
- – Remediation: ________________________________
- BUILDABLE AREA CALCULATION:
- Total Acreage: 5.12 acres = 223,027 sq ft
- Less: Conservation easement (0.75 ac) = -32,670 sq ft
- Less: Utility easement (20′ x ___’) = -_____ sq ft
- Less: Drainage easement (30′ x ___’) = -_____ sq ft
- Less: Waterway setback (50′ x ___’) = -_____ sq ft
- Less: Cemetery buffer = -_____ sq ft
- Less: Access easement = -_____ sq ft
- Net Buildable Area = _____ sq ft (_____ acres)
- Buildable Percentage: _____%
- EASEMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
- Utility Easement:
- – Location: ________________________________
- – Impact on building sites: ________________________________
- – Relocation possible? Cost: $_____
- Drainage Easement:
- – Maintenance responsibility: ________________________________
- – Building restrictions: ________________________________
- – Impact on value: _____%
- Access Easement (Prescriptive):
- – User: Adjacent property owner
- – Years of use: 30 years
- – Legal status in Texas: ________________________________
- – Options: ________________________________
- Conservation Easement:
- – Restrictions: ________________________________
- – Modification possible? ________________________________
- – Tax benefits available? ________________________________
- SPECIAL CONCERNS ANALYSIS:
- Protected Waterway:
- – Previous designation: Creek
- – New designation: Protected waterway
- – Additional restrictions: ________________________________
- – Permitting implications: ________________________________
- – Development impact: ________________________________
- Cemetery (6 graves):
- – Texas cemetery law requirements: ________________________________
- – Minimum setback required: _____ feet
- – Access requirements: ________________________________
- – Title implications: ________________________________
- – Relocation possibility/cost: $_____
- Missing Monuments:
- – Locations: East boundary (2 monuments)
- – Re-establishment cost: $_____
- – Risk without monuments: ________________________________
- DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY:
- Original Plan: 3 homes + ADU
- Minimum lot sizes in area: _____ sq ft
- After all restrictions:
- – Site 1: _____ sq ft (Viable? Y/N)
- – Site 2: _____ sq ft (Viable? Y/N)
- – Site 3: _____ sq ft (Viable? Y/N)
- – ADU site: _____ sq ft (Viable? Y/N)
- Revised capacity: _____ homes maximum
- FINANCIAL IMPACT ANALYSIS:
- Value Adjustments:
- – Acreage shortage (0.38 ac @ $150k): -$57,000
- – Encroachment issues: -$_____
- – Easement impacts (___% reduction): -$_____
- – Cemetery restrictions: -$_____
- – Reduced development potential: -$_____
- Total Value Impact: -$_____
- Resolution Costs:
- – New survey monuments: $_____
- – Legal fees (gap, encroachment): $_____
- – Easement modifications: $_____
- – Cemetery compliance: $_____
- – Title curative work: $_____
- Total Resolution Costs: $_____
- Adjusted Property Value:
- – Original asking price: $825,000
- – Less value adjustments: -$_____
- – Less resolution costs: -$_____
- – Maximum justified price: $_____
- RISK ASSESSMENT:
- High Risk Items:
- 1. ________________________________
- 2. ________________________________
- 3. ________________________________
- Medium Risk Items:
- 1. ________________________________
- 2. ________________________________
- Low Risk Items:
- 1. ________________________________
- 2. ________________________________
- Title Insurance Concerns:
- – Standard policy coverage: ________________________________
- – Required endorsements: ________________________________
- – Exclusions expected: ________________________________
- NEGOTIATION STRATEGY:
- Opening Position:
- – Documented issues total: $_____
- – Initial price reduction request: $_____
- – New proposed price: $_____
- Seller Remedies Required:
- 1. Resolve pool house encroachment via: ________________________________
- 2. Cure eastern boundary gap
- 3. Provide access easement agreement
- 4. ________________________________
- 5. ________________________________
- Contingencies:
- – Extended due diligence for: ________________________________
- – Right to terminate if: ________________________________
- – Escrow holdback for: ________________________________
- Walk-Away Triggers:
- – If buildable area less than _____ acres
- – If resolution costs exceed $_____
- – If title insurance unavailable for: ________________________________
- – If ________________________________
- RECOMMENDATIONS:
- Proceed with Purchase? Yes/No/Conditional
- If Conditional:
- – Maximum price: $_____
- – Required seller actions: ________________________________
- – Required protections: ________________________________
- If No:
- – Primary reason: ________________________________
- – Would reconsider if: ________________________________
- Next Steps:
- 1. ________________________________
- 2. ________________________________
- 3. ________________________________
- 4. ________________________________
- 5. ________________________________
- PROFESSIONAL CONSULTATIONS NEEDED:
- – Real estate attorney for: ________________________________
- – Title company for: ________________________________
- – Surveyor for: ________________________________
- – Environmental consultant for: ________________________________
- – Cemetery specialist for: ________________________________
- TIMELINE:
- – Current due diligence deadline: ________
- – Extension needed: _____ days
- – Resolution timeline: _____ days
- – Revised closing date: ________
- CONCLUSION:
- This property presents ________________________________
- The most significant issue is ________________________________
- With proper negotiation, this could be ________________________________
- Final recommendation: ________________________________
π― Survey Review Mastery
Surveys are legal documents that define exactly what you own
ALTA surveys provide the most comprehensive property information
Missing monuments and boundary discrepancies create serious risks
Encroachments can cost $10,000-$100,000+ to resolve
Easements permanently limit property use and value
Old surveys miss current conditions and regulatory changes
Survey issues are negotiation opportunities, not deal killers
Every survey red flag has a price – calculate it and negotiate
β Survey Knowledge Check
Question 1:
Which survey type provides the most comprehensive information for commercial real estate transactions?
Question 2:
What does “N 32Β°15’42” E” mean on a survey?
Question 3:
If a survey shows your neighbor’s shed is 3 feet over your property line, what is this called?
Question 4:
How many square feet are in one acre?
Question 5:
What is a “gap” or “gore” in survey terms?
Question 6:
Why are utility easements a concern for property development?
Question 7:
When should you ALWAYS order a new survey instead of relying on an existing one?
Question 8:
If a property is advertised as 5 acres but surveys at 4.7 acres, what’s your negotiation starting point?